Fig. 3
Mechanism of NAD + metabolism in ovarian aging. Modulating the properties of enzymes involved in NAD + biosynthesis or degradation, providing NAD + precursors, and altering lifestyle collectively govern cellular NAD + metabolism. In the context of ovarian aging, NAD + metabolism predominantly exerts a beneficial influence on granulosa cells, oocytes, and embryonic development through alterations in the redox state and the activities of NAD + -dependent enzymes. This ultimately manifests as the reversal of ovarian aging