Table 1 The occurrence of immune cell-related features of pISC following exposure to environmental stressors and during MS

Thymic involution

[197]

V

[249]

V

[40]

Morphological changes*

[250]

NV

NV

Epigenetic changes

[251]

V

[252, 253]

V

[254]

DNA damage response/activation pathway

[255, 256]

V

[254]

V

[254, 257]

Oxidative stress

[263]

V

[264]

V

[239, 265]

Mitochondrial dysfunction

[258, 259]

V

[260, 261]

V

[262]

Disordered proteostasis

[266]

V

[267]

NV

SASP activation^*

[268]

V

[253]

V

[229, 269]

p53-p21 pathway^*

[256]

V

[252]

V

[272]

TGF-β pathway

[273]

NV

NV

p38^MAPKpathway

[228]

V

[275]

V

[276]

SA-β-gal^*

[270, 271]

V

[252]

NV