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Fig. 1 | Immunity & Ageing

Fig. 1

From: Zinc deficiency as possible link between immunosenescence and age-related diseases

Fig. 1

Overview of Zinc Status and Its Impact on Immune Function in Elderly Individuals Dysregulated immune responses and unhealthy increased reactions associated with zinc deficiency,: Restored immune balance and improved immune function achieved through zinc supplementation, (↑): increased, (↓): decreased, (↔): balanced (a) In aged and zinc deficient individuals, immune system dysregulation is characterized by increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) by antigen-presenting cells, enhanced Th2 responses, and reduced Th1 responses. This leads to decreased IFN-γ and IL-2 production, reduced immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching, unspecific B cell activation, and decreased T regulatory cell function, promoting an inflammatory state and impaired immune balance. b Zinc supplementation restores immune homeostasis by reducing inflammation, balancing Th1/Th2 responses, and maintaining normal cytokine levels and B cell function. The presence of zinc supports APC function, enhances regulatory T cell​ activity, and promotes a balanced immune response in elderly individuals, mitigating immunosenescence. Created in https://BioRender.com

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Immunity & Ageing

ISSN: 1742-4933

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